Belmonte Beitia, Juan. Jiménez Sánchez, Juan. García Otero, José . Italia, Matteo. 

Computational medicine uses mathematical modelling, high-performance computing, and the avail- ability of large-scale biomedical data to study multiscale complex diseases. This review synthesizes recent developments in in silico oncology, neurology, and epidemiology, highlighting their shared methodological foundations in systems theory and complex networks. We discuss how combining mechanistic approaches with machine learning integrates heterogeneous data. Finally, we identify translation barriers and outline future directions like digital twins for predictive, personalized healthcare.