Digital twins in medicine are virtual representations of patients, organs, or health systems that combine data and predictive models to improve diagnosis, treatment, and care. Mathematics is key to their development, making it possible to model, simulate, and analyze the complex behavior of biological systems.

The regional government of Castilla-La Mancha has awarded a new three-year project (starting fall 2025) to our team within its regional research programme. The project will focus on three cutting-edge areas in oncology:

• CAR T-cell immunotherapies for lymphomas

• Intermittent fasting for cancer prevention and treatment

• Radiopharmaceutical therapies

In each case, the unifying element will be the use of advanced mathematical tools—such as differential equations, cellular automata, and stochastic models—calibrated with patient data and the best available biological knowledge. These digital twins will serve as virtual patients, enabling in-silico studies to test new strategies.

The ultimate goal is to use digital twins for biomarker discovery and to design in-silico clinical trials, helping improve survival and reduce treatment toxicity for cancer patients.